![]() Nelson ES (1994) Colour detection on bivariate choropleth maps: the visual search process. Tang C, Lin C, Hsu Y (2008) Exploratory research on reading cognition and escape-route planning using building evacuation plan diagrams. Oneill MJ (1991) Effects of signage and floor plan configuration on wayfinding accuracy. Japanīertin J (2010) Semiology of graphics: diagrams, networks, maps. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimoreįujimori F, Arikawa M, Morita T (2003) Extraction of spatial relations on SVG maps and its applications, proceedings of the IEICE DEWS 2003. Golledge RG (1999) Wayfinding behavior: cognitive mapping and other spatial processes. Kitchin R, Blades M (2002) The cognition of geographic space. Pocock DC (1973) Environmental perception process and product. In how maps work: representation, visualization and design Guilford press, NY, distributed by Longman outside N. ![]() How maps work: representation, visualization and design. Int Yearb Cartogr XVI:84–97Ĭastner HA (1979) A model of cartographic communication: practical goal or mental attitude? Int Yearb Cartogr XIX:34–39 Morrison JL (1976) The science of cartography and its essential processes. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, Göteborg Ottosson T (1987) Map-reading and wayfinding. Kato Y, Takeuchi Y (2003) Individual differences in wayfinding strategies. Robinson AH, Petchenik BB (1976) The nature of maps: essays toward understanding maps and mapping. ![]() ![]() Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Utrecht, p 19 Van Elzakker CPJM (2004) The use of maps in the exploration of geographic data. Koláčný A (1977) Cartographic information-a fundamental concept and term in modern cartography. Passini R (1992) Wayfinding in architecture. Overall, this study suggested that only the successful matching of maps with the actual environment can enable successful wayfinding and create useful spatial knowledge. Seemingly easy-to-understand maps might not be reflected in participants’ wayfinding behavior. The task results indicated that digital users had the lowest errors among the three groups however, the evaluation questionnaire suggested that participants considered digital maps to be the least effective. Digital-map users had the highest frequency of landmark use and longest map-reading times, but the shortest stopping times when wayfinding. The number of landmarks mentioned in the route planning of different map types and number of stopping times during the wayfinding process were significantly correlated. The results showed that the absolute accuracy scores (AASs) of digital-map users were far lower than those of handheld map users. All participants were allocated the same starting point and destination, and were required to perform map-reading and wayfinding to the destination as well as fill out an evaluation questionnaire. The first group used mounted maps, the second group used a printed handheld copy of the station map, and the third group used a digital map provided by Ekipedia. Thirty Participants were divided into three groups of ten on Shibuya Station in Tokyo. This study focused on the relationship between map-reading and wayfinding to understand how map users read and acquire information from maps. Map-reading and wayfinding form one continuous and indivisible process however, numerous studies have only focused on one of the two.
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